4

Langmuir G.I. Toward a Definition of Antisemitism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

5

См.: Klier J.D. Imperial Russia"s Jewish Question, 1855–1881. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. P. 417–449 (Chapter 18, «The occult element in Russian Judeophobia»).

6

«The anti-Jewish stereotypes mentioned thus far, which I shall call xenophobic stereotypes, all had a kernel of truth all had a kernel of truth (It should be remembered that, so long as it was safe, Jews always acknowledged that Jesus should have been killed as a heretic). But now a new kind of stereotype appeared, which I shall call chimerical. These chimerical stereotypes had no kernel of truth; they depicted imaginary monsters, for they ascribed to Jews horrendous deeds imagined by Christians that Christians had never observed Jews committing» (Langmuir G.I. Toward a Definition of Anti-Semitism. P. 306 и passim). «The theory I have advanced does identify an unusual quality of hostility toward Jews: there has been socially significant chimerical hostility» (Ibid. P. 351, см. также P. 334–338, 341 и passim).

7

«If we continue to use that literally most misleading term, we, as social scientists, should free „anti-Semitism» from its racist, ethnocentric, or religious implications and use it only for what can be distinguished empirically as an unusual kind of human hostility directed at Jews.

In this case we should distinguish between xenophobic „realistic» hostility (universal) and irrational hostility when Jews are converted in a symbol „the Jews»«(Ibidem. P. 351–352). «If by „anti-Semitism» we mean not only its racist manifestation but all instances in which people, because they are labeled Jews, are feared as symbols of sub-humanity and hated for threatening characteristics they do not in fact possess, then anti-Semitism in all but name was widespread in northern Europe by 1350, when many believed that Jews were beings incapable of fully rational though who conspired to overthrow Christendom, who committed ritual crucifixions, ritual cannibalism, and host profanation, and who caused the Black Death by poisoning wells – even though no one had observed Jews committing any of those crimes. Unknown to the ancient world, anti-Semitism emerged in the Middle Ages, along with so many other features of later Western culture» (Ibidem. P. 301–302).

8

Vouches A. La société chrétienne et les Juifs // Histoire du christianisme des origines à nos jours. Apogée de la papauté et expansion de la chrétienté (1054–1274) / Sous la dir. de A. Vauchez. Paris: Desclée, 1993. Vol. 5. P. 702.

9

См.: Blumenkranz В. Augustin et les Juifs, Augustin et le judaïsme // Blumenkranz В. Juifs et Chrétiens. Patristique et Moyen Age. London: Variorum Reprints, 1977. P. 225–241.

10

См.: Ibid. P. 238.

11

Vauchez A. La société chrétienne et les Juifs… P. 709–710.

12

Ibidem. P. 711–712.

13