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Daniel A. Briley and Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, “Genetic and Environmental Continuity in Personality Development: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 140, no. 5 (2014): 1303–31; Jule Specht et al., “Stability and Change of Personality Across the Life Course: The Impact of Age and Major Life Events on Mean-Level and Rank-Order Stability of the Big Five,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101, no. 4 (2011): 862–82; and Brent W. Roberts et al., “A Systematic Review of Personality Trait Change Through Intervention,” Psychological Bulletin 143, no. 2 (2017): 117–41.

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Ariel Knafo and Florina Uzefosky, “Variation in Empathy: The Interplay of Genetic and Environmental Factors,” in The Infant Mind: Origins of the Social Brain, ed. Maria Legerstee et al. (New York: Guilford, 2013); and Salomon Israel et al., “The Genetics of Morality and Prosociality,” Current Opinion in Psychology 6 (2015): 55–59.

Наследственность — сложная концепция. То, что на 30% эмпатия определяется генами, не означает, что на остальные 70% она определяется средой, поскольку комплексная совокупность генов и опыта и составляет разницу между людьми.

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Процент унаследованного интеллекта меняется на протяжении жизни: у детей 20%, у взрослых около 60%, у пожилых около 80%. Robert Plomin and Ian Deary, “Genetics and Intelligence Differences: Five Special Findings,” Molecular Psychiatry 20, no. 1 (2015): 98–108.

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Daniel Grühn et al., “Empathy Across the Adult Lifespan: Longitudinal and Experience-Sampling Findings,” Emotion 8, no. 6 (2008): 753–65.

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Недавний обзор см. Tracy L. Spinrad and Diana E. Gal, “Fostering Prosocial Behavior and Empathy in Young Children,” Current Opinion in Psychology 20 (2018): 40–44. Конкретные исследования см. Amanda J. Moreno et al., “Relational and Individual Resources as Predictors of Empathy in Early Childhood,” Social Development 17, no. 3 (2008): 613–37; Darcia Narvaez et al., “The Evolved Development Niche: Longitudinal Effects of Caregiving Practices on Early Childhood Psychosocial Development,” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 28, no. 4 (2013): 759–73; Brad M. Farrant et al., “Empathy, Perspective Taking and Prosocial Behaviour: The Importance of Parenting Practices,” Infant and Child Development 21, no. 2 (2012): 175–88; and Zoe E. Taylor et al., “The Relations of Ego-Resiliency and Emotion Socialization to the Development of Empathy and Prosocial Behavior Across Early Childhood,” Emotion 13, no. 5 (2013): 822–31. В некоторых исследованиях строго учитывали эмпатичность родителей, чтобы не делать поправку на унаследованную эмпатию, а учитывать только влияние среды.

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Kathryn L. Humphreys et al., “High-Quality Foster Care Mitigates Callous-Unemotional Traits Following Early Deprivation in Boys: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 54, no. 12 (2015): 977–83.

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Grühn, “Empathy Across the Adult Lifespan.”

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Согласно одному опросу, 74% онкологов сообщают плохие новости минимум пять раз в месяц. См. Walter F. Baile et al., “SPIKES — A Six-Step Protocol for Delivering Bad News: Application to the Patient with Cancer,” Oncologist 5, no. 4 (2000): 302–11. Данные рассчитаны по общей сумме 418 000 в США в 2017 году фирмой Challenger, Gray, and Christmas.

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Joshua D. Margolis and Andrew Molinsky, “Navigating the Bind of Necessary Evils: Psychological Engagement and the Production of Interpersonally Sensitive Behavior,” Academy of Management Journal 51, no. 5 (2008): 847–72.

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